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Stephen Báthory ((ハンガリー語:Báthory István); (ポーランド語:Stefan Batory); (リトアニア語:Steponas Batoras); (ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():Ştefan Báthory); 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–76), Prince of Transylvania (1576–86), from 1576 Queen Anna Jagiellon's husband and ''jure uxoris'' King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576-1586). The son of Stephen VIII Báthory and a member of the Hungarian Báthory noble family, Báthory was a ruler of Transylvania in the 1570s, defeating another challenger for that title, Gáspár Bekes. In 1576 Báthory became the third elected king of Poland. He worked closely with chancellor Jan Zamoyski. The first years of his reign were focused on establishing power, defeating a fellow claimant to the throne, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, and quelling rebellions, most notably, the Danzig rebellion. He reigned only a decade, but is considered one of the most successful kings in Polish history, particularly in the realm of military history. His signal achievement was his victorious campaign in Livonia against Russia in the middle part of his reign, in which he repulsed a Russian invasion of Commonwealth borderlands and secured a highly favorable treaty of peace (the Peace of Jam Zapolski). ==Life== Stephen Báthory was born on 27 September 1533 in the castle at Somlyó, also known as Szilágysomlyó (today's Şimleu Silvaniei).〔 He was the son of Stephen VIII Báthory (d. 1534) of the noble Hungarian Báthory family and his wife Catherine Telegdi.〔 He had at least five siblings: two brothers and three sisters.〔 Little is known about his childhood. Around 1549-1550 he briefly visited Italy and likely spent a few months attending lectures at the Padua University.〔 Upon his return, he joined the army of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, and took part in his military struggle against the Turks.〔 Some time after 1553 Báthory was captured by the Turks, and after Ferdinand I refused to pay his ransom, Báthory joined the opposing side, supporting John II Sigismund Zápolya in his struggle for power in the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.〔 As Zápolya's supporter, Báthory acted both as a feudal lord, military commander and a diplomat.〔〔 During one of his trips to Vienna he was put under house arrest for two years.〔 During this time Báthory fell out of favour at Zápolya's court, and his position was largely assumed by another Hungarian noble, Gáspár Bekes.〔 Báthory briefly retired from politics, but he still wielded considerable influence and was seen as a possible successor to Zápolya.〔 After Zápolya's death in 1571, the Transylvanian estates elected Báthory Voivode of Transylvania.〔 Bekes, supported by the Habsburgs, disputed his election, but by 1573 Báthory emerged victorious in the resulting civil war and drove Bekes out of Transylvania.〔 He subsequently attempted to play the Ottomans and the Holy Roman Empire against one another in an attempt to strengthen the Transylvania position.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stephen Báthory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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